Revised Annotated Bibliography

Bongiovanni, Kate. “The top Twenty: indoor sports.” Windy City Sports May. 2007: 12

In her article “The top twenty: indoor sports,” written in Windy City Sports, Kate Bongiovanni presents several indoor sports which she claims can help boost activity levels during winter. She supports her claim by explaining how people who want to stay off the trails can try a diverse offering of indoor sports from rowing to rock-climbing, second that by traveling an indoor triathlon circuit is one option for individuals who want to see how far and fast they can go running, biking and swing in a designated time period, and lastly by stating how dance moves combined with aerobics can also be done indoors through activities like Zumba and Bodyjam. Her purpose was to inform on how people can stay active when weather conditions do not permit various activities. Her audience was generally people looking for ways to stay active indoors.

This article benefits my project by providing examples of various indoor activities.

“Club Builds Indoor Sports Facility.” Fitness Management Jun. 2008: 20

In the article “Club Builds Sports Facility,” written in Fitness Management, the author describes Field house, which is an additional facility to Sparta Athletic Club (S.A.C) in Sparta, New Jersey. The author describes the physical features of the facility such as its grass surface for recreational activities and field sports and glass wall for spectator viewing and food court; the author also describes the opportunities the faculty offers such as recreational activities, birthday parties, and team building events. The authors purpose was to inform people about the new Field house facility. His audience is generally everyone primarily those interested in indoor facilities.

This article benfits my project by providing examples of various opportunities indoor facilities can offer.

Elefhteriou, Ted. “Kickstarting Indoor Soccer.” Parks and Recreation Oct. 2006: 66-69

In his article “kick starting Indoor Soccer,” written in Parks and Recreation, Ted Eleftheriou claims that soccer is being promoted as an indoor sport as well as an outdoor one. He supports his claim by explaining how many parks and recreational facilities offer leagues for men, women, co-ed, and even men and woman “over 30” leagues. His purpose was to present information on soccer and how it is being endorsed as both an outdoor and indoor activity. His article seems to be geared toward people not very educated about soccer.

This article benefits my project by providing information on indoor soccer.

Emery, C. A., W. H. Meeuwisse. “Risk Factors for injury in Indoor Compared with Outdoor Adolescent Soccer.” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 34 (2006): 1636-1642.

In the article “Risk factors for injury in Indoor Compared with Outdoor Adolescent Soccer,” written in The American Journal of Sports Medicine the authors discuss their findings on a study they conducted. The authors reported their hypothesis, their method of experimentation, and their results. From their results the authors concluded that there were no significant differences in overall injury rates found by gender or age group for indoor compared with outdoor soccer. They further suggested that future research should focus on injury prevention strategies to reduce lower extremity injury in indoor and outdoor adolescent soccer. The purpose of the study was to identify and compare the Injury rates and risk factors for injury in adolescent indoor and outdoor soccer in the same cohort of players. Their audience was primarily members of the scientific community capable of replicating their work.

This article benefited my project by providing support based on scientific research.

“Guide to the Great Indoors.” New Hampshire Business Review Feb. 2007: 51

In the article “Guide to the Great Indoors,” written in the New Hampshire Business Review, the author presents a list of indoor sports centers and facilities located in New Hampshire. He expanded his article giving examples of such facilities such as the PhanZone in Hampstead, Rising Stars Indoor Sporting Facility in Bedford, the Concord Sports Center in Concord, Hampshire Hills in Milford and the Executive Health and Sports Center in Manchester. The author’s purpose was to make people more aware of the various indoor sport facilities there are in New Hampshire. The author’s audience was generally everyone, but the article seemed to be geared toward those interested in indoor sports.

This article benefits my project by providing information on various indoor sport facilities.

Morris, Patrick J. “Physical Activity Recommendations for Children and Adolescents with Chronic Disease.” Current Sports Medicine Reports 7.6 (Nov. 2008): 353-358.

In his article titled “Physical activity Recommendations for children and adolescents,” written in Current Sports Medicine Reports Patrick Morris claims that youth with low physical activity arid fitness levels and high body fat levels are more likely to develop additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as elevated blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. He supports his claim through recent research involving youth with cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, cystic fibrosis, asthma, diabetes, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and hemophilia. The research results suggest positive effects of exercise therapy upon the aerobic capacity, functional ability, and quality of life of children and adolescents with disabilities and chronic diseases. The author’s purpose was to share his research findings on a certain topic. His audience ultimately was everyone, although it was more geared toward other members of the scientific community capable of replicating his work.

This article benefits my project by providing support on the health benefits of indoor sports.

Nowlin, Meredith. “Take It Inside.” Parks and Recreation Oct. 2008: 50-53

In her article “Take it inside,” written in Parks and Recreation, Meredith Nowlin discusses various indoor sports facilities in Richmond, Virginia. She further expands her article by explaining the Richmond Indoor Sports Experience (RISE) and Sports Center of Richmond (SCOR) facilities such as recreational space for local youth, youth sports leagues, and employment opportunities for local high school and college students. Her purpose was to inform about the various indoor sports facilities in Richmond Virginia and the opportunities they offer. Her audience was generally everyone, but it seems to be geared toward those not well informed on indoor sports.

This article benefits my project any providing various examples of opportunities indoor facilities can offer.

Stafford, Neil. “The Benefits of playing Youth Soccer.” 26 Jun. 2006. http://searchwarp.com/swa226643.htm

In his article, “The benefits of playing Youth Soccer,” Neil Stafford informs about the many benefits of playing youth soccer. For support, he first gives a bit of history on the sport, then he talks about the social benefits of soccer, and lastly he talks about the physical benefits of soccer as well. The author’s purpose was to inform about the benefits of soccer especially for youth players. It seemed that his target audience is primarily parents deciding whether or not their children should play soccer.

This article benefits my project by providing support based on the social and health benefits of soccer.

“Why play Indoor.” Sports City On-Line. Sports City Indoor Soccer Center Inc. 22 Mar. 2009 http://www.nbsportscity.com/why_Play/whyplay.htm

In the article, “Why play Indoor” Sports City Indoor Centers claim that there are many benefits to playing indoor soccer. First the author supports his/her claim by listing the physical benefits of indoor soccer, second by explaining the social benefits of indoor soccer, and finally by mentioning the mental benefits of indoor soccer. The author’s purpose was to inform about the benefits of playing indoor soccer. The target audience of the piece seemed to be primarily for people who are not sure whether or not they want to play indoor soccer.

This article benefits my project by providing examples of the social, mental, and physical benefits of Indoor soccer.

Winzelberg, David. “Bubble Bursts on Indoor Sports Plan.” Long Island Business News Aug 2008: 7a-37a

In his article “Bubble Bursts on Indoor Sports Plan,” written in the Long Island News, David Winzelberg reports on the failure to establish an indoor sport center in Islip, New York due to the unavailability of funds which was crippled by the expired Industrial Development Agency (IDA) law in the area. For support, he states that lawmakers were not able to agree on a new legislation which obstructs the $11 million proposal on the construction project and also by stating that the demand for indoor facility is strong since people are willing to pay for a high level of instruction in sports. His purpose is to inform the public on a particular topic,. His audience was ultimately everyone.

This article benefits my project by providing an example of people in strong support of indoor facilities.

Revised Evansville and USI Content Analysis

The city of Evansville Indiana was founded in 1812 and is located in the southwestern corner of Indiana along the banks of the Ohio river earning it the nickname "River City." It is the third largest city in Indiana and is located in Vanderburgh County (. Evansville Indiana is also home to the University of Southern Indiana. The University of Southern Indiana was founded as a branch campus of Indiana State University in 1965. The institution later gained its independence in 1985 after much opposition from Indiana State University and Purdue University. University of Southern Indiana is located at the western edge of Evansville, and is one of the fastest growing colleges in Indiana. Evansville Indiana and the University of Southern Indiana are both exciting places because of their diversity. What does it mean to be diverse? More specifically, what does it mean for a place to be diverse? If asked this question, many people tend to relate a place's diversity to just it's racial diversity. The dictionary defines diversity as, " a state of difference; dissimilitude; unlikeness." In the definition it does not mention anything about race. This is because race is only one aspect of a place's diversity. Whether or not a place is diverse depends on what characteristic of the place is focused one. For example a place can have a wide and diverse variety of sports, but have no diversity in political views.

Believe it or not, Evansville Indiana and the University of Southern Indiana can both be considered racially diverse. Though a high percentage of people living in Evansville and attending USI are Caucasian, not all of them are. Evansville and the University of Southern Indiana are exciting places because of their racial diversity. 86.2 percent of the Evansville population are Caucasian, 10.9 percent are African American, 0.7 percent are Asian, about 0.2 percent are American Indian and Alaska native, and 1.1 percent are Hispanic. Of course these are not all the races in Evansville. Other races such as Hawaiian or pacific islander, occupy a percentage of the population so small that it is almost negligible. based on these statistics, it would seam then that Evansville is not diverse, but that is quite the contrary. By the definition of diversity Evansville can be considered diverse, but as to what degree it is diverse is another matter. In other words, even though Evansville is diverse, it is not very diverse. Of course, how racially diverse Evansville is depends on where one compares Evansville to. For example suppose we compare Evansville to Indiana's capital Indianapolis. 69.1 percent of Indianapolis' population are Caucasian, 25.5 percent African American, 1.4 percent Asian, about 0.3 percent American Indian and Alaska native, and about 4.9 are Hispanic. of course as with Evansville, theses are not all of the races in Indianapolis. the data shows that Indianapolis is more diverse than Evansville Indiana. On the other hand suppose we compare Evansville to Carmel Indiana. 92.6 percent of Carmel’s population is Caucasian, about 1.5 percent is African American, about 4.4 percent is Asian, about 0.1 are American Indian and Alaska native, and about 1.7 percent are Hispanic (http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html). From this data, we see that Evansville is more diverse than Carmel Indiana. The demography of University of Southern Indiana also shows similar trends in racial diversity. About 93 percent of USI's population are Caucasian, 4 percent are African American, .2 percent are Asian, .6 percent are American Indian, and about .7 percent are Hispanic (http://www.campuscorner.com/indiana-colleges/university-of-southern-indiana.htm). Like Evansville, University of Southern Indiana shows racially diversity, although not to a high degree. Evansville and USI may not be the most racially diverse places, but they are none the less racially diverse.

One of the most defining aspects of any place is in how it attracts people. In other words what qualities of the place make people want to visit the place or even live there? The city of Evansville and the University of Southern Indiana both posses many attractions. These attractions not only help define Evansville and USI, they also add to their overall diversity. Evansville and USI are exciting places because of their diverse attractions. Evansville's diverse and unique attractions add to the overall excitement of the city. For people who like to watch the latest films, Evansville has many movie theaters including an I Max theater, four showplace cinemas and even a drive in theater. If one is a fan of the performing arts, there is the Victory theater which is home to Evansville's Philharmonic Orchestra. Evansville also harbors many venues for those who love sports either for spectating or recreation. For people who like to golf, Evansville has numerous golf courses such as Oak Meadow golf club and even miniature golf at places such as Adventure land Golf. If one feels like bowling, there are many bowling alleys in Evansville such as AMF Arc lanes and Diamond Lanes. Those who would rather spectate sports can visit Bosse field, which is home of Evansville's minor league baseball team the Otters. Evansville's Roberts Stadium is the home for its men and women basketball teams as well as its professional indoor football team the Bluecats. Aside from just sporting events, Evansville's Roberts Stadium is also the venue for many concerts and shows. If one likes horse races, Evansville's very own Ellis Park Race Track is the place to be. If a fan of the water, a person can cool of at the Hartke pool and waterslide. If skating is what a person is into, he or she could visit Evansville's own Skate World Incorporated. For people looking for more family oriented events, Evansville has venues for that as well. For example Evansville's Mesker Park zoo and the nature trails of Howell Wetlands are two of many places for family outings. If one prefers the night life, Evansville has numerous clubs and bars as well as its famous Casino Aztar. For those who are fans of museums and history, Evansville is not without its share. Evansville is home to museums such as the Koch Family Children's Museum of Evansville, Evansville African American Museum, and Evansville Museum of Arts History and Science which is home to a large collection of sculptures, paintings, and exhibits which span many decades from the sixteenth century to present day. Evansville is also home to the Angel Mound State Historic Site which is nationally recognized as one of the best preserved native American sites in the United States (http://www.evansvillecvb.org/visitor-information/attractions). Though it seams like a long list, these are just a fraction of the many diverse attractions which Evansville has to offer. Like Evansville, the University of Southern Indiana has its share of diverse attractions as well. First of all, USI offers a wide range of sports for student to participate in. USI offers Soccer, Baseball, Basketball, Tennis, Cross Country, Golf, Track for men, and for women it offers Soccer, Softball, Cross Country, Basketball, Track, Volleyball, Tennis. Aside from its sport clubs, USI also has many different types of clubs and organizations for its students. For example USI has clubs and organizations such as accounting club, activities programming board, Biology club, communication club, filmmakers club, History club, Honors student council, International club, Marketing club, Model United Nations, Math club, Philosophy club, Political Society club, Student Ambassador Organization, Student Government, and much more (http://www.usi.edu/studentorganizations/org_directory.asp). Another attractive quality of USI is its small size in comparison to most schools. USI's size makes it easier for students and faculty to get from one part of the campus to another and also allows for smaller numbers of students in classrooms which in turn allows for more personalized attention to students. USI's housing is also another attractive quality it posses. Its dorm and apartment suites are spacious, nicely furnished, and have two bathrooms unlike many other dorms suites in other universities. Evansville and USI's abundant and different attractions add to their diversity and help make them exciting places to be.

A place's attractions are not the only aspect that help define it and make it exciting. The career opportunities of a city are factors which help define and determine if the place is exciting. The City of Evansville not only has many unique career opportunities, but also has a diverse range of career options which help make it an exciting place. Evansville offers a host of careers in fields such as accounting, government jobs, education, and teaching. People can also pursue construction careers at places such as RW Armstrong and Associates and KoKosing Construction. If engineering is what a person is after they may seek jobs at companies such as the MRINetwork, Vectren, and Cynergy Metro Net. If a person's passion is more in the financial sector, one may seek career opportunities at companies such as American General Financial and Old National Bank. There are also many career opportunities in the healthcare industry in Evansville. Companies such as the MRINetwork, Rotech Healthcare, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, and Outcomes Inc., just to name a few, offer career opportunities in healthcare. If a person wishes to pursue a career in marketing or sales, there are many opportunities at companies such as American Classified LLC and Insight Communications. Companies such as Extendicare, a rehab center, Covance Inc., and Three Springs Inc. offer opportunities for those pursuing a career in nursing. If ones wants a career in real estate, they may seek opportunities at companies such as Century 21. If a person prefers to enter Evansville's retail industry, which is ranked second in the State of Indiana, they may seek career opportunities at companies such as Kmart, Sears, TJX Distribution, Toy 'r' Us, Babies 'r' Us. Career opportunities in security, such as a police officer or even a detective at a company such as Owen Detective Agency, are also available in Evansville (http://evansville.jobs.topusajobs.com/). These diverse careers and their respective companies, all located in Evansville, are just a few of the vast number which help make Evansville an exciting place.

Like a city, a University is not just defined by its attractions, but also by the different opportunities it offers. The University of Southern Indiana offers a vast and diverse range of studies for students to engage in. Whatever career path a person wishes travel, USI has a wide and diverse range of majors to choose from. USI is an exciting place because of its diverse range of majors, and pre professional programs. Many of the majors offered at USI coincide with the many career opportunities available in Evansville. For example USI offers degrees in accounting, elementary and secondary education, engineering, finance, political science, marketing, nursing, criminal justice, biology, chemistry, communications, and even foreign languages such as Spanish, French, German and more. Along with a wide range of majors, USI also has many pre professional programs for students wishing to enter graduate schools. USI has programs for pre-medicine, pre-dentistry, pre-law, and pre-veterinary, just to name a few (http://www.usi.edu/studentorganizations/org_directory.asp). These vast and different areas of study at the University of Southern Indiana all add to the diversity of the institution and help make it an exciting place to be.

The city of Evansville and the University of Southern Indiana have several diverse qualities which make them exciting. One of these qualities is Evansville and USI's racial diversity. The racial diversity of Evansville and USI, though slight, help make them exciting places to be. Another special quality of Evansville and USI are their diverse attractions which help make them exciting places. Finally, Evansville's diverse range of career options and University of Southern Indiana's diverse range of majors, and pre professional programs make them exciting places respectively. The analysis of Evansville’s and USI’s contents gives a good idea of the kind of places Evansville and USI are. This information would help me in my public sphere project because it will give me a better idea of how to reach and grab the interest of the students of USI and the people of Evansville.

Revised MLK Rhetorical Analysis

Martin Luther King’s letter from Birmingham Jail is considered to be one of the most important literary works of our time. The purpose of this text was to justify the protest against segregation. One of the ways he does this in his letter is by warning of the consequences of continued segregation. In his argument, King portrays himself as an intermediate between the white suppressors and the angry black community. “I have tried to stand between these two forces saying that we need emulate neither the “donothingism” of neither the complacent nor the hatred and despair of the black nationalist.” Up to this point in his letter, King is speaking more directly to the clergymen rather than to everybody else.

Throughout the letter, there can be seen various elements of ethos. There are various places, where king gives the reader an image of himself and establishes and supports his credibility. One of the reasons he does this is to also appeal to the white community. For example there are many places in his letter where he uses the term “our white brother.” Portraying himself as an intermediate boosts his credibility, because people would see him more as a level headed person capable of looking at various sides of an issue, rather than a staunch extremist.

His letter also contained numerous examples of pathos. Due to the persuasive nature of the letter, King relies a lot on appeals to emotion to help justify that segregation must be stopped. When king warned about the possible consequences of violent action over non-violent direct action, he appeals strongly to people’s fears. For example, King says, “If this philosophy had not emerged, by now many streets of the South would, I’m convinced be flowing with blood.” King talks about the anger and impatience of African Americans and how their pent up rage must be released in a peaceful manner, rather than a violent manner. “The Negro has many pent-up resentments and latent frustrations and he must release them.”

A third element present in his letter is the element of Logos. King uses appeals to one’s logic as a way to argue his point. He does this primarily when he explains how his protesting does not break the law. King argues that many of the White man’s laws are not laws at all because of their unjust nature. He appeals to logos by defining a just law and an unjust law. “Let us consider a more concrete example of just and unjust laws. An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. This is difference made legal. By the same token a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow itself. This is sameness made legal.” By arguing with a definition, King also raises his credibility by striping the argument of emotional appeal. Another form of logical appeal king makes use of is in historical references. For example, King says, “We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was “legal” and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was “illegal.”

Overall King’s letter was successful in utilizing the elements of ethos, pathos, and logos together to justify protesting segregation. The success of his letter is evident in its impact an influence on the civil rights movement.

Revised Sowell Student Loans Precis

Thomas Sowell, in his essay “Student Loans” from The Little, Brown Compact Handbook (2007), argues that there is no need to bail out students through loans and that the government can not fix the problem of rising student loans. He supports his view first by listing positive aspects of student loans such as low average student debt and long repayment time period; second, by saying how government actions such as expanding student loans to the rich contributes to the rising cost of loans, and lastly by how the government cannot increase student loans without adding more burden to the tax payers due to “trade offs.” His purpose is to ease the minds of students with student loans, and to show how economics makes more sense in government policies than in political practices. Sowell creates a friendly relationship with his audience by easing their minds about student loans, but creates a more abrasive relationship with his political audience through his sarcastic criticism of politics.

Revised Starbucks Precis

Paula Mathieu’s primary point in her essay Economic Citizenship and the Rhetoric of Gourmet Coffee is to show how rhetoric can be used to develop economic citizenship. She does this by using the example of Starbucks restaurant. She analyzes the various ways Starbucks induces scotosis to create a group of consumers. She then supports her view by examining how Starbucks uses a unique décor to stimulate scotosis, by explaining how the numerous Starbucks menu choices provokes a false sense of individuality for the consumer, and by evaluating how Starbuck’s incorporation of medical, scientific, and sensual terms in its language generate scotosis by limiting the consumer’s view of Starbucks as a whole. Her purpose for writing this essay is to show how rhetoric can be used to develop economic citizenship and to warn of scotosis and how its effects can blind people from the world around them. Her essay essentially speaks to consumers about scotosis and makes them more aware of how it is used to limit their view of the world around them.

MLK letter from Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Precis

Martin Luther King, in his “Letter from Birmingham Jail” claims that the protesting of segregation is justified. He supports his claim first by asserting the need for “non violent peaceful action” to fight segregation, second by explaining how protesting was not breaking the law because he saw the laws that promoted segregation as unjust and therefore did not consider them laws, and lastly by warning about how African Americans might resort to more violent and chaotic means of resistance if continually denied their “God-given” rights. His purpose was to address the church’s criticism of his protest and to justify and encourage action against segregation. Martin Luther King’s letter, though primarily addressed to the church clergy, ultimately speaks to everyone, black or white, about the urgent need for action in fighting the injustice of segregation.

The Egg and the Sperm Rhetorical Precis

In her essay “The Egg and the Sperm: How science has constructed a romance based upon stereotypical male-female roles,” Emily Martin argues that the way in which sperm and egg cells are personified facilitates the gender stereotypes between males and females. She supports her claim by pointing out how the male reproductive act of producing sperm is viewed as glorious and fascinating while the female act of menstruation is seen as wasteful, by explaining how the sperm is viewed as actively seeking the egg and the egg is seen as passively awaiting the sperm, and by stating how scientist portray the interaction between the sperm and the egg as the sperm usually penetrating or engaging the egg. Her purpose for the essay is to warn against the use of social metaphors and stereotypes in science as a means to better understand the world around us. Her essay speaks primarily to those outside the scientific community in an attempt to make them more aware of social stereotypes and metaphors in scientific language and also calls for more careful vigilance of these stereotypes and metaphors from those within the scientific community.